Biography of Maria Stewart, Activist and Abolitionist

Maria W. Stewart (1803–December 17, 1879) was an American activist, abolitionist, and lecturer. A contributor to The Liberator, Stewart was active in progressive circles and influenced groups such as the New England Anti-Slavery Society. After her career as a lecturer came to an end, she worked as a schoolteacher in Washington, D.C. Fast Facts: Maria W. Stewart Known For: Stewart was an activist against racism and sexism; she was the first known American-born woman to publicly lecture to audiences that included both women and men.Also Known As: Maria MillerBorn: 1803 in Hartford, ConnecticutDied: December 17, 1879 in Washington, D.C.Published Works: Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. StewartSpouse: James W. Stewart (m. 1826-1829) Early Life Maria Stewart was born Maria Miller in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents names and occupations are not known, and 1803 is the best guess of her birth year. Stewart was orphaned by age 5 and became an indentured servant, bound to serve a clergyman until she was 15. She attended Sabbath schools and read widely in the clergymans library, educating herself to make up for her lack of formal schooling. Boston When she was 15, Maria began supporting herself by working as a servant, continuing her education in Sabbath schools. In 1826, she married James W. Stewart, taking not only his last name but also his middle initial. James Stewart, a shipping agent, had served in the War of 1812 and had spent some time in England as a prisoner of war. With her marriage, Stewart became part of Bostons small free black middle class. She became involved in some of the institutions of the black community, including the Massachusetts General Colored Association, which worked for the immediate abolition of slavery. James W. Stewart died in 1829; the inheritance he left to his widow was taken from her through long legal action by the white executors of her husbands will, and she was left without funds. Stewart had been inspired by the African-American abolitionist David Walker, and when he died six months after her husband died, she went through a religious conversion in which she became convinced that God was calling her to become a warrior for God and for freedom and for the cause of oppressed Africa. Writer and Lecturer Stewart became connected with the work of abolitionist publisher William Lloyd Garrison after he advertised for writings by black women. She came to his papers office with several essays on religion, racism, and slavery, and in 1831 Garrison published her first essay, Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality, as a pamphlet. Stewart also began public speaking—at a time when Biblical injunctions against women teaching were interpreted to prohibit women from speaking in public—to mixed audiences that included men. Frances Wright had created a public scandal by speaking in public in 1828; historians know of no other American-born public woman lecturer before Stewart. The Grimkà © sisters, often credited as the first American women to lecture in public, were not to begin their speaking until 1837. For her first address, in 1832, Stewart spoke before an audience of women at the African American Female Intelligence Society, one of the institutions founded by the free black community of Boston. Speaking to that audience, Stewart used the Bible to defend her right to lecture and spoke on both religion and justice, advocating activism for social equality. The text of the talk was published in Garrisons newspaper on April 28, 1832. On September 21, 1832, Stewart delivered a second lecture, this time to an audience that also included men. She spoke at Franklin Hall, the site of the New England Anti-Slavery Society meetings. In her speech, she questioned whether free blacks were much more free than slaves, given the lack of opportunity and equality they had. She also questioned the move to send free blacks back to Africa. Garrison published more of her writings in his abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, under the heading the Ladies Department. In 1832, Garrison published the second pamphlet of her writings as Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria Stewart. On February 27, 1833, Maria Stewart delivered her third public lecture, African Rights and Liberty, at the African Masonic Hall. Her fourth and final Boston lecture was a Farewell Address on September 21, 1833, when she addressed the negative reaction that her public speaking had provoked, expressing both her dismay at having little effect and her sense of divine call to speak publicly. Then she moved to New York. In 1835, Garrison published a pamphlet with her four speeches plus some essays and poems, Productions of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart, which likely inspired other women to begin public speaking. New York In New York, Stewart remained an activist, attending the 1837 Womens Anti-Slavery Convention. A strong advocate for literacy and educational opportunities for African-Americans and women, she supported herself by teaching in public schools in Manhattan and Brooklyn, eventually becoming an assistant to the principal of the Williamsburg School. She was also active there in a black womens literary group. Stewart supported Frederick Douglass newspaper, The North Star, but did not write for it. Baltimore and Washington, D.C. Stewart moved to Baltimore in 1852 or 1853, apparently after losing her teaching position in New York. There, she taught privately. In 1861, she moved to Washington, D.C., where she taught school during the Civil War. One of her friends in the city was Elizabeth Keckley, a former slave and seamstress to First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln. Keckley would soon publish her own memoir, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House. While continuing her teaching, Stewart was appointed to head housekeeping at the Freedmans Hospital and Asylum in the 1870s. A predecessor in this position was Sojourner Truth. The hospital had become a haven for former slaves who had come to Washington. Stewart also founded a neighborhood Sunday school. Death In 1878, Stewart discovered that a new law made her eligible for a widows pension for her husbands service in the Navy during the War of 1812. She used the eight dollars a month, including some retroactive payments, to republish Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart, adding material about her life during the Civil War and also adding some letters from Garrison and others. This book was published in December 1879; on the 17th of that month, Maria Stewart died in the hospital in which she worked. She was buried in Washingtons Graceland Cemetery. Legacy Stewart is best remembered today as a pioneering public speaker and progressive icon. Her work influenced the anti-slavery and womens rights movements of the 19th century. Sources Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. 1990.Hine, Darlene Clark. Black Women in America: The Early Years, 1619-1899. 1993.Leeman, Richard W. African-American Orators. 1996.Richardson, Marilyn. Maria W. Stewart, Americas First Black Woman Political Writer: Essays and Speeches. 1987.

Gun Violence Prevention Literature Review - 2208 Words

Gun Violence Prevention Lit Review Chapter I - Introduction A literature review of gun violence prevention is being undergone as part of this submittal. This research is important because gun violence has been a plague in the United States and the United Kingdom, among other places, for much of the recent century or two. This violence takes on two major forms. The first is general gun violence that is perpetrated as part of gang violence, robberies, burglaries, crimes of passion or spite and so forth. The other major form, which is both quite uncommon but very poignant and affecting when it happens, are school and other mass shootings like Columbine and the very recent Sandy Hook. There have been a decent amount of other school shootings and work shootings, but those are far and away the most notorious. Both were effected by very mentally ill teenagers or young adults that decide to go out in a bloody and perverted blaze of glory before they took their own life. As has been noted elsewhere in this overall project, the broader focus of this study is to focus on the John Jay students and faculty and their overall opinions on gun violence prevention legislation and enforcement. This report is designed to cover scholarly external inputs that will inform, dovetail or perhaps even conflict with the findings that will be found within the John Jay sphere. The literature reviewed for this report covers six different journal articles that range in publication date from theShow MoreRelatedViolence - Behavior Involving Physical Force1370 Words   |  6 PagesViolence – behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. In my own words, violence – hate, gangs, guns, anger and war. Violence in Chicago – nonstop killing. Shootings and murders are through the roof in Chicago. In the past year, in 2015, there has been 29 murders, 136 shooting victims and 119 shootings. In just this year alone, in j ust the first month the shooting and murders were double that. In statistics released, the Chicago Police Department reportedRead MoreGun Ownership And Gun Related Homicides1386 Words   |  6 Pagesreviewed studies on the subject of gun ownership and gun related homicides were identified and reviewed. During the research phase it was noted that there are opponents and proponents of gun control that present logical sounding arguments, but there have been several research studies conducted that suggest that there is a positive correlational relationship between gun ownership and gun related deaths, particularly gun related homicides. 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Examples of this are Virginia Tech incident, the shooting of congresswomen from Arizona Gabby Gifford, The Sandy Hook Shooting, etc. Most of these violence incidents had one thing in common and that is each of the suspect had psychological issues there were facing and they didn’t have support the system most of us have. Another fact is that most of the suspects were nonsocial individual who spend of their timeRead MoreSchool Shoot ings And Its Impact On Student s Safety And Education1406 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod of protecting students is the classification of school grounds as gun-free, but since the implementation of gun-free zones in 1995 mass shootings have increased (Nedzel, 2014). While, the implementation of gun-free zones may not be the one and only factor involved in the recent increase of mass shootings at schools it must be considered to be a major factor. 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Friendly University of South Carolina Introduction Domestic violence has become a topic of increasing interest by many public health professionals. The primary focus of these researchers, as observed through extensive research, tackles domestic violence towards women, with little attention given to the male population. In 2000, the Department of Justice published a report, basedRead MoreResearch Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies2484 Words   |  10 Pagesmethodology)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............4 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............6 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Executive Summary The focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of theRead MoreResearch Paper On Active Shooter Preparedness1079 Words   |  5 PagesViolence in Healthcare: Active Shooter Preparedness While an active shooter occurrence in a healthcare setting is rare, the overall prevalence and complexity is steadily on the rise. There have been many studies performed researching the rate of occurrence, location, personnel affected, and possible motive. When it comes to an active shooter attack, it is difficult to prevent, so the focus of education should be placed on anticipation and preparedness for such an event. Statistics The Federal BureauRead More The Gun Control Debate Essay2541 Words   |  11 PagesGun control is a highly controversial topic in the United States. There are many advocates of gun control - people who wish to have stricter laws to prevent certain groups of people from purchasing a firearm. However, there are also the people who disagree with gun control laws and believe there should be a more lenient gun control to furthermore help people defend themselves during risky situations. Many gun control laws have been passed for many years. While many have been passed, many have

The 2050 Year Free Essays

Heading for 2050 We’ve all had at least once in life thought that we wonder how the future will look like? How will we be over 40 years? How will our planet look like? Or just how it will be tomorrow? These are questions which, in my opinion, we grind every day. Futurologists prepare us for what seems to be 2050, saying it would be totally different in all fields, from entertainment to technology, what we find at the moment on our planet. First, classic TV channels through completely disappear, their place being taken by Internet, which we will have access all around the house (mirrors, tables, pictures, all with touch screen). We will write a custom essay sample on The 2050 Year or any similar topic only for you Order Now The future seems a little too SF for the prezent that we live, but if we think about where they got all the science right now and where it is going, we can use in the future, things which are not imaginable today. The future of humanity will be a very human liking, because in future we will not have to do all the hard work, for which today we work more than 40 hours per week, but this will be done by robots. We will have robots that will clean, make food, will plant flowers, but also those intelligent robots will take over the role of great engineers, so that construction can be achieved more easily, accurately and much smaller errors and less. They will take a large part of our daily tasks, and we will have much more free time for fun, relaxation, travel and many other interesting things. Of course all this will be different from what exists today. We can travel in space, to go on a vacation on a exotic planet , or simply a cruise we will go into space to see the beauty of the galaxies, as we go by boat in the Caribbean today. Perhaps in those days we can even travel in time to go see a play that it is authored by Shakespeare himself when his own songs debut on a theater in the UK, or maybe we want to take part in the most important events in human history. Future technology will give us the chance to reduce the number of accidents and congestion on major arteries that form in the city. We will travel with vehicles powered using renewable energy that will help us to rise from the ground and use highways and roads on different levels (in height), to leave the ground as a destination for edestrians only, without having to ruin the beauty of nature, and many ecosystems with the construction of highways that connect major cities . Also classic trains that we know will be replaced with other transportation vehicles, which can reach a speed huge for our days, reaching their destination faster and traveling long distances. Spacecraft will serve today’s aircraft, and connects the major cities what are locat ed on different planets. Teleportation will certainly play a role as important in travel to various destinations as other means of transport, teleport different objects, or even people, of course, being the fastest means of transport, will be the most expensive. Pollution problem will be a thing of the past, or at least of atmospheric air pollution because radiation from radioactive waste will only disappear in a few thousand years, as is the case of Chernobyl. Greenland ice caps will melt not at a fast pace, maybe even boots from the pole mass will return to normal and we will not worry about increasing sea levels. The problem of global warming was solved, hurricane risk decreases, the climate will return to normal, and fear of other natural disasters will be the past. Contact with extraterrestrial civilizations will bring a touch of humanity, because we realize that we are not alone in the universe and that will need to take into account the opinions of others. But the biggest advantage is that we can assimilate the technology they have available and we learn things we could not discover themselves, can even combine our technologies with the hope that we will discover the answers to questions we grind for centuries. Medicine, one of the most important science that directly concerns each of us, will be among the most advanced of the existing fields. We will get the best equipment in a view to improving our recovery, medical technology will be very advanced , as organ transplants between people will not gonna happen, so will be replaced diseased organs with mechanical organs which take the place of human. All these things will lead to a decrease of mortality. Due to the increasing number of people on Earth we will have some of us to leave this planet and begin to colonize different planets similar to Earth. The discovery of planets like our Earth will open the horizons to worlds unknown to us, will help us spread the race and to make ourselves known in the universe. We prepare for the future seems to be exactly what we need, but until we get there we still have 40 years of hard work, during which time we hope that all things work perfectly. Our evolution is to develop technologies that we present can zoom in or out of answers that we do not have but one living and dreams of 2050. How to cite The 2050 Year, Papers

Concept Of Equilibrium Demand And Supply

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Equilibrium Demand and Supply. Answer: Introduction The aim of the government of any country is to assure the presence of the stability within the country. According to Ehrenberg Smith (2016), it can be stated that the necessary as well as the sufficient circumstances within the country helps to achieve the equilibrium position. The word equilibrium has been followed from Physics; however, it is widely used in economics literature. As per the concept of equilibrium, it can be stated that it is a state where two major opposite forces interact with each other in order to reach to that state. In this stage, the power of these two states is getting nullified. In terms of economics, in equilibrium point the economy can identify the optimal quantity of the goods and the services at the definite price level where the supply of the products would be balanced with the demand side of the product. This study has highlighted the way, with which the government of an economy would be able to intervene and the market can restore equilibrium within the country. In a synopsis, this study will discuss the some important economics concept such as short run, long run, aggregate demand as well as aggregate supply. In this context, the role of the government of a country will also describe. Analysis Notion of equilibrium: As per the statement of Walras (2013), it can be stated that equilibrium is achievable in terms of the procedure of the competition. The competition may occur either in the free market or in the market; which is regulated by the government of an economy. The types of the equilibrium are based upon the characteristics of the occurrence. In this purpose, Ehrenberg Smith (2016) stated that the equilibrium may be of static or dynamic in nature. In addition, the equilibrium may be of partial or general type. This section will try to identify the necessary condition for occurring the static type equilibrium. In this stage, the economy will not deviate from the optimal situation. On the other hand, it can be stated that there are three market differentiations within a nation such as product market, financial market and the labour market. In this context, Rios, McConnell Brue (2013) opined that if there is smoother operation of the firms and equilibrium in all of these three markets, then it can be inferred that the global stability would be achieved. The aggregate demand (AD) curve can be drawn with the help of CKM theory of the IS-LM model. The theory regarding the AD-AS curve can describe the long term stability of the market. Concept of aggregate demand: The demand formulated by the purchasers within a country can be described with the help of the aggregate demand. The aggregate demand curve highlights the willingness of an economy to pay a cost for the products. The downward sloping demand curve passes through the position, where actual expenditure is equivalent to the planned expenditure. Figure 1: AD curve (Source: Created by author) Concept of aggregate supply: The total production of the goods and services of an economy can be identified at a particular point, which can be described as the concept of aggregate supply. As opined by Ehrenberg (2016), there are three parts in the aggregate supply curve. These parts are such as horizontal region (or Keynesian part), the upward rising region and lastly the vertical part (or Classical theory). However, it can be mentioned that the long run aggregate supply curve is vertical in characteristics. Figure 2: Aggregate supply curve (Source: Created by author) Short run equilibrium: In the concept of Economics, the capital of an economy can be assumed as the fixed determinant. The interaction of the economic components in the short run can be interpreted as the following: Figure 3: Short run equilibrium (Source: Created by author) From thee above figure, it can be observed that short run equilibrium occurs when the AD and the AS curve cross each other. The equilibrium price and quantity can be determined by the level of P and Y respectively. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the aggregate demand can be increased due to some definite reasons. As a result, the demand curve can shift to the rightward. This can be seen in the above diagram and the demand curve has shifted from AD to AD1. As the capital is assumed as the fixed factor of input and ass it belongs to the short run, therefore, the net supply and the AS curve would not be changed. As a result, it can be mentioned that the in the interaction point of AD and AS curve such as the interaction of price level P1 and output level Y1, the new equilibrium of the economy would be generated. Moreover, it can be added that the shift of AD curve would increase the output level and also increase the price level of thee economy. In this situation, the government of a country would not be able to choose the appropriate policy (De Grauwe, 2016). In order to describe the reason behind this situation, it can be stated that rising of output level is desirable whereas the rising of price level is not desirable. As higher inflation rate is plague for a country, therefore, the government requires to intermediate and needs to decrease the price level. Long run equilibrium: Figure 4: Long run equilibrium (Source: Created by author) As per the above figure, it can be observed that the initial equilibrium occurs where the AD, LRAS and SRAS curve intersect to each other. With the shift of demand curve to the outward, then price will be increased, however, output level will not be raised in order to maintain the equilibrium. Therefore, with these constrained supply and higher price level, AD curve requires to shift to backward. On the other hand, government aims to control the fiscal and the monetary policy. Therefore, the equilibrium will be restored in long run in order to get the stable equilibrium in an economy. Conclusion The above discussed situation will arise when three different types of markets are in the equilibrium position. However, in the long run, the equilibrium will arise at a certain point where the economy gets restored with the help of government intervention. As a result, it can be mentioned that government plays a vital role in order to maintain an economic balance by considering the natural rate of employment as well as by controlling the inflation rate within the country in long run. Bibliography De Grauwe, P. (2016). Economics of monetary union. Oxford university press. Ehrenberg, R. G. (2016). Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Rios, M. C. (2013). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Walras, L. (2013). Elements of pure economics.