Biography of Maria Stewart, Activist and Abolitionist

Maria W. Stewart (1803–December 17, 1879) was an American activist, abolitionist, and lecturer. A contributor to The Liberator, Stewart was active in progressive circles and influenced groups such as the New England Anti-Slavery Society. After her career as a lecturer came to an end, she worked as a schoolteacher in Washington, D.C. Fast Facts: Maria W. Stewart Known For: Stewart was an activist against racism and sexism; she was the first known American-born woman to publicly lecture to audiences that included both women and men.Also Known As: Maria MillerBorn: 1803 in Hartford, ConnecticutDied: December 17, 1879 in Washington, D.C.Published Works: Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. StewartSpouse: James W. Stewart (m. 1826-1829) Early Life Maria Stewart was born Maria Miller in Hartford, Connecticut. Her parents names and occupations are not known, and 1803 is the best guess of her birth year. Stewart was orphaned by age 5 and became an indentured servant, bound to serve a clergyman until she was 15. She attended Sabbath schools and read widely in the clergymans library, educating herself to make up for her lack of formal schooling. Boston When she was 15, Maria began supporting herself by working as a servant, continuing her education in Sabbath schools. In 1826, she married James W. Stewart, taking not only his last name but also his middle initial. James Stewart, a shipping agent, had served in the War of 1812 and had spent some time in England as a prisoner of war. With her marriage, Stewart became part of Bostons small free black middle class. She became involved in some of the institutions of the black community, including the Massachusetts General Colored Association, which worked for the immediate abolition of slavery. James W. Stewart died in 1829; the inheritance he left to his widow was taken from her through long legal action by the white executors of her husbands will, and she was left without funds. Stewart had been inspired by the African-American abolitionist David Walker, and when he died six months after her husband died, she went through a religious conversion in which she became convinced that God was calling her to become a warrior for God and for freedom and for the cause of oppressed Africa. Writer and Lecturer Stewart became connected with the work of abolitionist publisher William Lloyd Garrison after he advertised for writings by black women. She came to his papers office with several essays on religion, racism, and slavery, and in 1831 Garrison published her first essay, Religion and the Pure Principles of Morality, as a pamphlet. Stewart also began public speaking—at a time when Biblical injunctions against women teaching were interpreted to prohibit women from speaking in public—to mixed audiences that included men. Frances Wright had created a public scandal by speaking in public in 1828; historians know of no other American-born public woman lecturer before Stewart. The Grimkà © sisters, often credited as the first American women to lecture in public, were not to begin their speaking until 1837. For her first address, in 1832, Stewart spoke before an audience of women at the African American Female Intelligence Society, one of the institutions founded by the free black community of Boston. Speaking to that audience, Stewart used the Bible to defend her right to lecture and spoke on both religion and justice, advocating activism for social equality. The text of the talk was published in Garrisons newspaper on April 28, 1832. On September 21, 1832, Stewart delivered a second lecture, this time to an audience that also included men. She spoke at Franklin Hall, the site of the New England Anti-Slavery Society meetings. In her speech, she questioned whether free blacks were much more free than slaves, given the lack of opportunity and equality they had. She also questioned the move to send free blacks back to Africa. Garrison published more of her writings in his abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, under the heading the Ladies Department. In 1832, Garrison published the second pamphlet of her writings as Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria Stewart. On February 27, 1833, Maria Stewart delivered her third public lecture, African Rights and Liberty, at the African Masonic Hall. Her fourth and final Boston lecture was a Farewell Address on September 21, 1833, when she addressed the negative reaction that her public speaking had provoked, expressing both her dismay at having little effect and her sense of divine call to speak publicly. Then she moved to New York. In 1835, Garrison published a pamphlet with her four speeches plus some essays and poems, Productions of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart, which likely inspired other women to begin public speaking. New York In New York, Stewart remained an activist, attending the 1837 Womens Anti-Slavery Convention. A strong advocate for literacy and educational opportunities for African-Americans and women, she supported herself by teaching in public schools in Manhattan and Brooklyn, eventually becoming an assistant to the principal of the Williamsburg School. She was also active there in a black womens literary group. Stewart supported Frederick Douglass newspaper, The North Star, but did not write for it. Baltimore and Washington, D.C. Stewart moved to Baltimore in 1852 or 1853, apparently after losing her teaching position in New York. There, she taught privately. In 1861, she moved to Washington, D.C., where she taught school during the Civil War. One of her friends in the city was Elizabeth Keckley, a former slave and seamstress to First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln. Keckley would soon publish her own memoir, Behind the Scenes: Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House. While continuing her teaching, Stewart was appointed to head housekeeping at the Freedmans Hospital and Asylum in the 1870s. A predecessor in this position was Sojourner Truth. The hospital had become a haven for former slaves who had come to Washington. Stewart also founded a neighborhood Sunday school. Death In 1878, Stewart discovered that a new law made her eligible for a widows pension for her husbands service in the Navy during the War of 1812. She used the eight dollars a month, including some retroactive payments, to republish Meditations from the Pen of Mrs. Maria W. Stewart, adding material about her life during the Civil War and also adding some letters from Garrison and others. This book was published in December 1879; on the 17th of that month, Maria Stewart died in the hospital in which she worked. She was buried in Washingtons Graceland Cemetery. Legacy Stewart is best remembered today as a pioneering public speaker and progressive icon. Her work influenced the anti-slavery and womens rights movements of the 19th century. Sources Collins, Patricia Hill. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. 1990.Hine, Darlene Clark. Black Women in America: The Early Years, 1619-1899. 1993.Leeman, Richard W. African-American Orators. 1996.Richardson, Marilyn. Maria W. Stewart, Americas First Black Woman Political Writer: Essays and Speeches. 1987.

Gun Violence Prevention Literature Review - 2208 Words

Gun Violence Prevention Lit Review Chapter I - Introduction A literature review of gun violence prevention is being undergone as part of this submittal. This research is important because gun violence has been a plague in the United States and the United Kingdom, among other places, for much of the recent century or two. This violence takes on two major forms. The first is general gun violence that is perpetrated as part of gang violence, robberies, burglaries, crimes of passion or spite and so forth. The other major form, which is both quite uncommon but very poignant and affecting when it happens, are school and other mass shootings like Columbine and the very recent Sandy Hook. There have been a decent amount of other school shootings and work shootings, but those are far and away the most notorious. Both were effected by very mentally ill teenagers or young adults that decide to go out in a bloody and perverted blaze of glory before they took their own life. As has been noted elsewhere in this overall project, the broader focus of this study is to focus on the John Jay students and faculty and their overall opinions on gun violence prevention legislation and enforcement. This report is designed to cover scholarly external inputs that will inform, dovetail or perhaps even conflict with the findings that will be found within the John Jay sphere. The literature reviewed for this report covers six different journal articles that range in publication date from theShow MoreRelatedViolence - Behavior Involving Physical Force1370 Words   |  6 PagesViolence – behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something. In my own words, violence – hate, gangs, guns, anger and war. Violence in Chicago – nonstop killing. Shootings and murders are through the roof in Chicago. In the past year, in 2015, there has been 29 murders, 136 shooting victims and 119 shootings. In just this year alone, in j ust the first month the shooting and murders were double that. In statistics released, the Chicago Police Department reportedRead MoreGun Ownership And Gun Related Homicides1386 Words   |  6 Pagesreviewed studies on the subject of gun ownership and gun related homicides were identified and reviewed. During the research phase it was noted that there are opponents and proponents of gun control that present logical sounding arguments, but there have been several research studies conducted that suggest that there is a positive correlational relationship between gun ownership and gun related deaths, particularly gun related homicides. 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Examples of this are Virginia Tech incident, the shooting of congresswomen from Arizona Gabby Gifford, The Sandy Hook Shooting, etc. Most of these violence incidents had one thing in common and that is each of the suspect had psychological issues there were facing and they didn’t have support the system most of us have. Another fact is that most of the suspects were nonsocial individual who spend of their timeRead MoreSchool Shoot ings And Its Impact On Student s Safety And Education1406 Words   |  6 Pagesmethod of protecting students is the classification of school grounds as gun-free, but since the implementation of gun-free zones in 1995 mass shootings have increased (Nedzel, 2014). While, the implementation of gun-free zones may not be the one and only factor involved in the recent increase of mass shootings at schools it must be considered to be a major factor. 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Friendly University of South Carolina Introduction Domestic violence has become a topic of increasing interest by many public health professionals. The primary focus of these researchers, as observed through extensive research, tackles domestic violence towards women, with little attention given to the male population. In 2000, the Department of Justice published a report, basedRead MoreResearch Paper: Crime Prevention Strategies2484 Words   |  10 Pagesmethodology)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...............4 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............6 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Reference List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Executive Summary The focus of this paper will be based upon different crime prevention strategies implemented by members of theRead MoreResearch Paper On Active Shooter Preparedness1079 Words   |  5 PagesViolence in Healthcare: Active Shooter Preparedness While an active shooter occurrence in a healthcare setting is rare, the overall prevalence and complexity is steadily on the rise. There have been many studies performed researching the rate of occurrence, location, personnel affected, and possible motive. When it comes to an active shooter attack, it is difficult to prevent, so the focus of education should be placed on anticipation and preparedness for such an event. Statistics The Federal BureauRead More The Gun Control Debate Essay2541 Words   |  11 PagesGun control is a highly controversial topic in the United States. There are many advocates of gun control - people who wish to have stricter laws to prevent certain groups of people from purchasing a firearm. However, there are also the people who disagree with gun control laws and believe there should be a more lenient gun control to furthermore help people defend themselves during risky situations. Many gun control laws have been passed for many years. While many have been passed, many have

The 2050 Year Free Essays

Heading for 2050 We’ve all had at least once in life thought that we wonder how the future will look like? How will we be over 40 years? How will our planet look like? Or just how it will be tomorrow? These are questions which, in my opinion, we grind every day. Futurologists prepare us for what seems to be 2050, saying it would be totally different in all fields, from entertainment to technology, what we find at the moment on our planet. First, classic TV channels through completely disappear, their place being taken by Internet, which we will have access all around the house (mirrors, tables, pictures, all with touch screen). We will write a custom essay sample on The 2050 Year or any similar topic only for you Order Now The future seems a little too SF for the prezent that we live, but if we think about where they got all the science right now and where it is going, we can use in the future, things which are not imaginable today. The future of humanity will be a very human liking, because in future we will not have to do all the hard work, for which today we work more than 40 hours per week, but this will be done by robots. We will have robots that will clean, make food, will plant flowers, but also those intelligent robots will take over the role of great engineers, so that construction can be achieved more easily, accurately and much smaller errors and less. They will take a large part of our daily tasks, and we will have much more free time for fun, relaxation, travel and many other interesting things. Of course all this will be different from what exists today. We can travel in space, to go on a vacation on a exotic planet , or simply a cruise we will go into space to see the beauty of the galaxies, as we go by boat in the Caribbean today. Perhaps in those days we can even travel in time to go see a play that it is authored by Shakespeare himself when his own songs debut on a theater in the UK, or maybe we want to take part in the most important events in human history. Future technology will give us the chance to reduce the number of accidents and congestion on major arteries that form in the city. We will travel with vehicles powered using renewable energy that will help us to rise from the ground and use highways and roads on different levels (in height), to leave the ground as a destination for edestrians only, without having to ruin the beauty of nature, and many ecosystems with the construction of highways that connect major cities . Also classic trains that we know will be replaced with other transportation vehicles, which can reach a speed huge for our days, reaching their destination faster and traveling long distances. Spacecraft will serve today’s aircraft, and connects the major cities what are locat ed on different planets. Teleportation will certainly play a role as important in travel to various destinations as other means of transport, teleport different objects, or even people, of course, being the fastest means of transport, will be the most expensive. Pollution problem will be a thing of the past, or at least of atmospheric air pollution because radiation from radioactive waste will only disappear in a few thousand years, as is the case of Chernobyl. Greenland ice caps will melt not at a fast pace, maybe even boots from the pole mass will return to normal and we will not worry about increasing sea levels. The problem of global warming was solved, hurricane risk decreases, the climate will return to normal, and fear of other natural disasters will be the past. Contact with extraterrestrial civilizations will bring a touch of humanity, because we realize that we are not alone in the universe and that will need to take into account the opinions of others. But the biggest advantage is that we can assimilate the technology they have available and we learn things we could not discover themselves, can even combine our technologies with the hope that we will discover the answers to questions we grind for centuries. Medicine, one of the most important science that directly concerns each of us, will be among the most advanced of the existing fields. We will get the best equipment in a view to improving our recovery, medical technology will be very advanced , as organ transplants between people will not gonna happen, so will be replaced diseased organs with mechanical organs which take the place of human. All these things will lead to a decrease of mortality. Due to the increasing number of people on Earth we will have some of us to leave this planet and begin to colonize different planets similar to Earth. The discovery of planets like our Earth will open the horizons to worlds unknown to us, will help us spread the race and to make ourselves known in the universe. We prepare for the future seems to be exactly what we need, but until we get there we still have 40 years of hard work, during which time we hope that all things work perfectly. Our evolution is to develop technologies that we present can zoom in or out of answers that we do not have but one living and dreams of 2050. How to cite The 2050 Year, Papers

Concept Of Equilibrium Demand And Supply

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Equilibrium Demand and Supply. Answer: Introduction The aim of the government of any country is to assure the presence of the stability within the country. According to Ehrenberg Smith (2016), it can be stated that the necessary as well as the sufficient circumstances within the country helps to achieve the equilibrium position. The word equilibrium has been followed from Physics; however, it is widely used in economics literature. As per the concept of equilibrium, it can be stated that it is a state where two major opposite forces interact with each other in order to reach to that state. In this stage, the power of these two states is getting nullified. In terms of economics, in equilibrium point the economy can identify the optimal quantity of the goods and the services at the definite price level where the supply of the products would be balanced with the demand side of the product. This study has highlighted the way, with which the government of an economy would be able to intervene and the market can restore equilibrium within the country. In a synopsis, this study will discuss the some important economics concept such as short run, long run, aggregate demand as well as aggregate supply. In this context, the role of the government of a country will also describe. Analysis Notion of equilibrium: As per the statement of Walras (2013), it can be stated that equilibrium is achievable in terms of the procedure of the competition. The competition may occur either in the free market or in the market; which is regulated by the government of an economy. The types of the equilibrium are based upon the characteristics of the occurrence. In this purpose, Ehrenberg Smith (2016) stated that the equilibrium may be of static or dynamic in nature. In addition, the equilibrium may be of partial or general type. This section will try to identify the necessary condition for occurring the static type equilibrium. In this stage, the economy will not deviate from the optimal situation. On the other hand, it can be stated that there are three market differentiations within a nation such as product market, financial market and the labour market. In this context, Rios, McConnell Brue (2013) opined that if there is smoother operation of the firms and equilibrium in all of these three markets, then it can be inferred that the global stability would be achieved. The aggregate demand (AD) curve can be drawn with the help of CKM theory of the IS-LM model. The theory regarding the AD-AS curve can describe the long term stability of the market. Concept of aggregate demand: The demand formulated by the purchasers within a country can be described with the help of the aggregate demand. The aggregate demand curve highlights the willingness of an economy to pay a cost for the products. The downward sloping demand curve passes through the position, where actual expenditure is equivalent to the planned expenditure. Figure 1: AD curve (Source: Created by author) Concept of aggregate supply: The total production of the goods and services of an economy can be identified at a particular point, which can be described as the concept of aggregate supply. As opined by Ehrenberg (2016), there are three parts in the aggregate supply curve. These parts are such as horizontal region (or Keynesian part), the upward rising region and lastly the vertical part (or Classical theory). However, it can be mentioned that the long run aggregate supply curve is vertical in characteristics. Figure 2: Aggregate supply curve (Source: Created by author) Short run equilibrium: In the concept of Economics, the capital of an economy can be assumed as the fixed determinant. The interaction of the economic components in the short run can be interpreted as the following: Figure 3: Short run equilibrium (Source: Created by author) From thee above figure, it can be observed that short run equilibrium occurs when the AD and the AS curve cross each other. The equilibrium price and quantity can be determined by the level of P and Y respectively. In this connection, it can be mentioned that the aggregate demand can be increased due to some definite reasons. As a result, the demand curve can shift to the rightward. This can be seen in the above diagram and the demand curve has shifted from AD to AD1. As the capital is assumed as the fixed factor of input and ass it belongs to the short run, therefore, the net supply and the AS curve would not be changed. As a result, it can be mentioned that the in the interaction point of AD and AS curve such as the interaction of price level P1 and output level Y1, the new equilibrium of the economy would be generated. Moreover, it can be added that the shift of AD curve would increase the output level and also increase the price level of thee economy. In this situation, the government of a country would not be able to choose the appropriate policy (De Grauwe, 2016). In order to describe the reason behind this situation, it can be stated that rising of output level is desirable whereas the rising of price level is not desirable. As higher inflation rate is plague for a country, therefore, the government requires to intermediate and needs to decrease the price level. Long run equilibrium: Figure 4: Long run equilibrium (Source: Created by author) As per the above figure, it can be observed that the initial equilibrium occurs where the AD, LRAS and SRAS curve intersect to each other. With the shift of demand curve to the outward, then price will be increased, however, output level will not be raised in order to maintain the equilibrium. Therefore, with these constrained supply and higher price level, AD curve requires to shift to backward. On the other hand, government aims to control the fiscal and the monetary policy. Therefore, the equilibrium will be restored in long run in order to get the stable equilibrium in an economy. Conclusion The above discussed situation will arise when three different types of markets are in the equilibrium position. However, in the long run, the equilibrium will arise at a certain point where the economy gets restored with the help of government intervention. As a result, it can be mentioned that government plays a vital role in order to maintain an economic balance by considering the natural rate of employment as well as by controlling the inflation rate within the country in long run. Bibliography De Grauwe, P. (2016). Economics of monetary union. Oxford university press. Ehrenberg, R. G. (2016). Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Rios, M. C. (2013). Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill. Walras, L. (2013). Elements of pure economics.

Ana Doodle Essays - Brian Welch, Converts To Christianity

Ana Doodle subject = Self Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. "Nothing can bring you peace but yourself." "Yourself,"... I am thinking about the time when my best friend died, and when I stopped being myself and my life started going to hell. It happened maybe two or three years ago. The day is very clear in my memory. The weather was cold and nasty. The monotonous rain made everything outside look gray. I was at home, waiting for my girlfriend to arrive. I was sitting on the couch drinking hot tea and feeling warm and cozy. My cat was there too, I remember. We were watching a Mexican soap opera, and I think the cat was enjoying it, but I wasn't paying much attention to what was going on. All I cared about was that my girlfriend was finally coming home and that we would be able to see each other again. She had left only four weeks earlier, but I missed her greatly. We had been friends since the first grade. In the beginning we were the worst enemies; we just hated each other. Oh, how we fought! One time she accused me of taking her marker, even though I did not know what marker she was talking about. I remember her mother came to school and everyone was mad at me and was convinced that I was guilty. Later she found her marker. It seems she had put it in a wrong box. This turned out to be the first, but not the last, accident that would occur. What didn't we argue about? After a while, hmmm, five years, we became the best friends ever. We were perfectly compatible with each other. We began spending all of our time together. We were vital to each other. I came to know each and every detail about her as she did about me. My life was intertwined with her life and her life was intertwined with mine. It was the most enduring friendship of my life. I looked at the clock above my head. Four fifty. She was supposed to arrive at three o'clock. I felt uncomfortable; some weird feeling crawled around my heart. I did not understand it. I waited and waited. It was dark already and I was afraid of being in solitude. I couldn't stand it anymore. Five o'clock. The phone rang and it startled me. Who might it be? I wasn't expecting a phone call from anyone. I got up from the couch and picked up the phone. "Who is this"-said the voice flatly. I answered him and asked how I could help him. I didn't know anything yet, but my spine felt cold and I had an irrational feeling of fear. "I am Detective James," said the man, "and I have to tell you that..." He told me she was dead. A car wreck. He wanted me to come to the hospital. Her family had died too. I hung up the phone and I felt immobile. His words were like a cold shower, a crash, whatever you want to call it, but as I felt, it was the end, that line which separates life and death and I stepped over it. My memories and feelings were erased and my life was amorphous. I no longer cared about anything and nobody - friends, family, or strangers - could help me. I mechanically did whatever they wanted me to do, but I was immune to their advise and nothing could illuminate my life. I thought my life was over, that it was empty. I would never see her again, and we would never hear each other's laughter again. She died and part of me died with her. Life went on lifelessly. Nothing was important to me. After awhile I felt that I wanted someone to help me, to pull me out of my hole. But it is hard to admit, nobody could. I couldn't find peace within myself. At some point I felt like standing up and screaming-"HELP." Some people tried to help me, but they could not. I don't think they understood what I needed. Time went on and life did too. I didn't find any mortal to help me, but I found a great supporter, a benefactor in myself. I didn't have to go anywhere but within myself. I didn't have to ask anyone but myself. This self helped me and brought me back to earth, to the world with sun and happiness. It soothed the pain in my heart and healed my soul. I talked to

Connected Activities and its Influence on Firm

Connected Activities and its Influence on Firm The firm has formed partnership with other big companies like Amazon.com in order to improve on its services to consumers. This has enabled them to deliver orders in time to the benefit of Borders. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Connected Activities and its Influence on Firm specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The firm apart from operating bookstore also runs music store and coffee bars, these helps in increasing its overall sales. The firm uses modern computerized system to manage its inventory; this makes it record highest sales as compared to other competitors within the market. Borders have divided its products to serve as small business segments to the satisfaction of their clients. They operate numerous book and music stores within the United States and additionally organize live performance events by artistes and books authors. The coming of the internet enabled multiple works to be performed by providing an e fficient and cheaper means of communication between the stores and the clients (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). The firm’s superstores engage in sponsoring community functions like story telling occasions as well as group discussions amongst others. Borders also engaged in sponsoring online magazines one of them being Salon which offers customers with opportunity to read variety of books and keep updated with current affairs. The firm launched the use of Borders Universe which provides online inventory data connecting all the retail outlets, this makes it easier for customers to find books from other related retail stores. Borders deliver books and other products to consumers’ doorsteps and operate telephone support twenty four hours a day throughout the week (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). Customer value The firm’s superstores provide consumers with various selections of music and videos at affordable prices. These selections comprises of music that are r arely found but sought after by the majority, these include jazz and opera type of music. They offer the same trend within their video stores which makes available a number of title movies. The firms’ use of the internet in retailing provides the consumers with easier means of selecting variety of what they require online. This meant that customers are now able to save on time that could have been consumed looking for items in the stores and undergoing all other required services. The merger with Amazon.com enabled Borders to provide customers with unique services that included complete information on store locations and the several events that take place at the in-stores (Feng, et al, 2001, PP 467-503).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Capabilities The firm launched a site that had the capability of handling the largest multimedia database on the internet. It was also the only firm with the largest in-stock of multimedia selection for most of the retailers using the internet, besides they offer ready shipping services for the millions of their products purchased online. Borders.com offers beautiful sites and choices to the consumers, on top of this they are also time conscious in the way they deliver their services. This makes the firm to be one of the most trusted internet brands. In order to build close relationship with consumers and win more of their trust, the firm created private database that serves customers at individual levels taking care of confidentiality (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). The company needed to improve on its commercial capabilities whereby the consumers will be served in a more organized way. The firm launched internet in-store kiosks which provide customers with easy time when locating the products availability and prices online. The costs of operating the online services seem to be high calling for fu rther strategies. The firm increased the level of their sales through partnership with top leaders in online sales; this has helped in shifting of costs responsibility for internet sales (Gataric et al, 2002, pp 387-397). References Feng, et al.(2001). A New Business Model? The Capital Market and the New Economy. Economy and Society, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp 467-503. Gataric, I., Gilbert, J., Green, J., Kennedy, I. Lewallen, W., and Sumita, Y. (2002). Borders: Responding to Change. International Directory of Company Histories Vol. 43, pp 387-397.

Managing and leading change (CORUS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing and leading change (CORUS) - Essay Example During severe changes, employees are supposed to have efficient and reasonable planning, confident and efficient decision-making, and timely communication. In order to survive and flourish in today’s environment, organization should become quicker and open to external demands. They should encourage experimentation and take initiative in innovating and managing change; rather respond to what has already occurred. Investment must be done in training and performance coaching. A new information system must only be implemented by examining human association with such changes, exploring whether the change is successful, supported or not (Alvesson, Bridgman & Willmott, 2009). Otherwise the changes are incomplete and create tension and drags down the momentum suppress results. 2. The organization is greatly decentralized; furthermore autonomy is permitted to member companies to large extent in terms of tactics and functions. The company’s approach to managing new acquisitions h as been entirely hardheaded. The Tata corporate brand is the main tool for bringing together the group, which represents the standards which are common by almost all the conglomerates of the group. Creating partnerships with the providers and the consumers is the new stratagem of the company that modifies the market as well as alters the interference and communication with the consumers. They show care, respect, consideration and kindness for partners, customers and providers around the world. Their mission is to increase rate for the shareholders, preserve position as one of the world’s lowest-cost steel manufacturer and strengthen position as a global competitor (Judge, 2011). 3. The organization has been itself changed a lot with the passage of time. These changes help to make sure that all the people pull in the same direction. The organization has provided a safe workplace and demonstrates high ethical standards. It also respects the environment and cares for its entire people. This strengthens the peoples’ trusts, hence increases the potential and they work more willingly. The business is conducted fairly, with sincerity and transparency (Pritchett & Pound, 1995). It also offers programs to encourage quality education. These strategies help in the development of organization along with its people. 4. Equal opportunity, enduring individual growth, equality, common belief and joint effort and collaboration are the core principles of their policy. Truthfulness, indulgent, brilliance, union and responsibility are the values that support these principles (Knill & Balint, 2008). Talented employees is vitally essential in any organization hence they are able to get the employee loyalty by providing them chances of improvement and enhancement, giving them fine and challenging jobs and by competitive reparation and profit schemes (Debrah & Smith, 2002). Diversity within the staff significantly boosts overall potentials, based on this fact they ensur e the equal opportunity for all the employees without any discrimination on the basis of race, social status, religion, color, parentage, gender, age, nationality, ethnicity or disability. They encourage and enable all in their organization to develop and grow with the development of the business by improving managerial and technical competences of employees through internal improvement and training programs. 5.

People management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People management - Essay Example These developments have many advantages and several disadvantages which will be discussed through critical review. Recruitment and selection of graduates A government-sponsored initiative referred to as the Graduate Talent Pool is a live website that hosts over 2,000 jobs for graduates that are sponsored by businesses in multiple industries. The website also offers information and guidance to graduate job seekers backed by government support and sponsorship for over 10,000 graduate internships (Jensen 2009). Graduates sign up for usage of the Graduate Talent Pool website, thus registering their names and demographic/educational information for head-hunters looking for top graduate talent. Using websites such as this that are backed by government give these businesses more credibility and visibility in key markets. As well, the advantages of using web-based recruitment tools is that it provides opportunities for data mining as a quantitative tool for market research on graduate trends , values and skill-sets. When students sign up for registry to apply to these jobs or internships, their demographic information is placed in a database where information can be extracted by the organisation. Personal and educational data can be correlated with business needs and objectives to determine what percentage of the graduate labour pool maintains the skills required to fit business needs, thus developing better future recruitment tests and promotional tools to gain more visibility in the job market. Companies are also using the Internet to recruit candidates using the social media platform to be much more interactive with graduates, thus performing some of the selection tools first-hand through blogging or direct online discussion with recruiters. Some law firms, as one example, are using websites like BraveNewTalent, an online talent marketer that invites graduates to engage directly with employers in an online community (Recruiter 2010). Once a graduate has entered the o nline community, they build their personalized profile and then have multiple opportunities to browse job listing and connect to their desired potential employer. BraveNewTalent and many websites like this that use Talent Words, a Google feature to guide interested job seekers to employers, assists in linking the graduate job-seeker to social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook or YouTube to communicate with business leadership or review their real-time data about needs and business values (Recruiter). Social media is becoming a mainstream lifestyle tool for society as well as business. â€Å"Collectively, these social technologies have enabled a revolution in user-generated content, global community and the publishing of consumer opinion† (Smith 2009, p.559). Because social media is being used as a platform for job opportunity promotion and to better create interpersonal and interactive relationships with graduate job-seekers, it changes the scope of relationship between g raduate and recruiter. An additional benefit of this methodology for recruitment

Editorial ON Afro-Caribbean Diaspora, how the Jompy can provide Essay

Editorial ON Afro-Caribbean Diaspora, how the Jompy can provide convenience and speed in the UK and Health and Wealth in Africa and the Caribbean - Essay Example To keep you outdoor rejuvenating exercise safe, you should never use the untreated wild water for drinking purpose. The Jompy portable heater is a great option to take out with you while camping or BBQing. It has been developed by Scottish inventor David Osborne. The Jompy has a frying pan shape comprising of lightweight metal tubing bent into flat coil with side by side joined ends. When the water source is attached on one end of tubing, the water flow through the coil and then exits from the remaining end of the tubing. The jumpy could be placed over fire or any type of burning fuel to generate maximum heat. The water will boil in the tubing and will become purified for drinking and other uses. It comes in three different sizes to suit different water needs of people. Jompy is not simply aimed to help the campers and people seeking outdoor fun but it has even wider applications because it could help people in the deprived area to make water pure and usable for drinking and cooking purpose. Jompy makes it possible for you to have safe outdoor adventure while helping your countryman living with contaminated water problems. When you take one jompy with you during your outdoor activity you got the chance to send another one to the people living anywhere in the Afro-Carrabin region. There is a great deal for the people who want to add ease and safety to their lives as well as to the lives of people living at their homeland. The Jompy portable heaters not only make the outdoor activities safe and convenient but it also allow people living in the Afro-Caribbean Diaspora to make their health qualities better by purifying the water using this innovative and useful product. It is found that over one billion of people of world have no access to clean water for drinking due to which they are suffering from various life

Construction Technology Design processes and Procedures

Construction Technology Design processes and Procedures The design process of a project can be very complex, there are multiple factors in which designers must take into consideration during the early stages of a project. Each factor plays an important role not only during the design process but they can also affect the life cycle of the project, therefore the RIBA plan of work is usually used which allows clear guidance on the roles of those involved and is easy to understand. Below is a brief description of the factors surrounding the Nottingham Jubilee Campus: Advanced Manufacturing Building Redevelopment project. Financial Finances are usually the first thing to consider on a new project as it can massively influence if the project is feasible or not. A budget is set in place and each stage of the design and production process is allocated an amount of money to keep within the budget. Running over budget can mean that the design may have to be adapted to keep the extra costs as low as possible which can affect the overall outcome of the project in terms of aesthetics and performance. Some projects can be funded by organisations that are involved or will benefit from the project, i.e. Local Authorities/Government, Stakeholders, Companies/Partnerships, residents and Students. Social A consideration must be made of the potential social impact of a proposed project, this can include: Impacts on residents The project should be designed so that minimal disruption is made both during the construction process and the operation of the project. Disruptive factors such as excessive noise and visual obtrusiveness will negatively impact the view of residents who will be affected by the project in their day to day lives. Environmental impacts The design should consider the local environment in which the building is to be placed. This can include higher pollution levels from increased traffic to and from the University Campus during the life cycle of the building and the impacts on local wildlife. Care should be taken to ensure that habitats that are removed are restored elsewhere so that the wildlife are not exposed to danger. It could also possible to design certain habitats into the project itself, through green roofs/walls and planted platforms. Economy Having an extension to a University Campus will provide a boost to the local economy. This can in turn lead to businesses expanding and providing more jobs to residents and potentially to the University Students. Client needs The Clients needs are incredibly important on a project, after all they are paying for everything. For a project, such as an extension to a University Campus, the clients needs will include: Fit for purpose classrooms The University has a duty to provide education to a high standard, providing classrooms that can achieve the high standards is essential. Security The safety of the students is the Universitys responsibility whilst on Campus, therefore having effective security measures in place is important. These security measures can include photo ID cards that allow access to the building through a card reader, security staff that patrol the premises and CCTV cameras. Energy efficiency There is a big focus on new buildings to be as environmentally friendly and sustainable through energy use due to the increased awareness of climate change. By providing ways in which energy efficiency can be increased, the running costs of the building will be lowered substantially throughout the lifecycle of the building. Legal Constraints The design of a building must comply with very strict Standards, Regulations and Laws. These practices are in place to ensure that any project is designed and built safely whilst providing construction guidelines. There may also be a contract in place which indicates what the client is receiving for their money.   Some of the legislations in place are: Building regulations Construction Design Management (CDM) Regulations British Safety Standards EN European Norm ISO International Standards Organisation Environmental There must be consideration for the environment during the design process of a project, the designers should not only consider environmental impacts during construction but also throughout the life cycle of the structure and eventually the demolition. Some aspects that should be considered are: Plant and machinery that is used on site to minimise pollution Materials: how they are manufactured, where they are sourced and the recycling possibilities Heat and power sources on site Water waste These factors should be considered to ensure that minimal impact is made on the local wildlife habitats and residents. There are multiple roles for numerous professions within the design team with each having a vital role. The roles and responsibilities for those involved are: Architect The architect is the person who initially designs the structure based on the clients needs/requests. There can be a group of Architects working together who are given a specific section/area to design if it is a large-scale project. Architects must ensure that the designs they create comply with the relevant regulations in terms of environmental, safety and the construction of the structure. An Architect will have a University Degree with relevant experience studying art.

Analysis Of Racism In Huck Finn Essay -- essays research papers

To teach or not to teach? This is the question that is presently on many administrators' minds about The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. For those who read the book without grasping the important concepts that Mark Twain gets across "in between the lines", many problems arise. A reader may come away with the impression that the novel is simply a negative view of the African-American race. If we believe that Huck Finn is used only as a unit of racism we sell the book short. I feel that there is much to be learned about Blacks from this book and it should not be banned from the classroom. This is only one of many themes and expressions that Mark Twain is describing in his work. I believe that in Huck Finn slavery is used as insight into the nature of blacks and whites as people in general. Overall, the most important thing to understand is that Mark Twain is illustrating his valuable ideas without pushing them upon the reader directly. I believe that â€Å"Huck Finn† teaches a reader two important lessons about the true nature of people. Throughout the book, one of these main lessons is that Blacks can be just as caring as whites. The white characters often view the blacks as property rather than as individuals with feelings and aspirations of their own. Huck comes to realize that Jim is much more than a simple slave when he discusses a painful experience with his daughter. Jim describes how he once called her and she did not respond. He then takes this as a sign of disobedience and beats her for it. Soon realizing that she is indeed deaf, he comforts her and tries to make up for the act of beating. The feeling that Jim displays shows Huck that Jim has a very human reaction and the fact Jim says, "Oh Huck, I bust out crying....'Oh the po' little thing!" (Twain 151), only further proves to Huck that Jim is as caring as he is. Huck's realization allows him to see that Jim is no longer the ordinary sl ave. The point where Huck completely changes his attitudes towards blacks comes when he is faced with the dilemma of turning Jim in. Huck fights with his conscience and also remembers the things that Jim has done for him. "I'd see him standing my watch on top of his'n, stead of calling me, so I could go on sleeping; and see him how glad he was when I come back out of the fog; and when I come to him again in the swamp, up there wher... ...nable that ignorance and be a victory for racism and not a loss. To consider banning this novel simply because it has situations and characters that are considered racist is superficial. The novel does show the relationships between blacks and whites in the nineteenth century. However, it shows these situations not to promote racism against blacks, but for the reader to better understand the subject. The character of Jim is shown to be caring and considerate towards Huck and more mature and human than the society allows him to be. Although he is shown to be this way, Twain shows the irony and hypocrisy of treating a mature man like simple property. The novel also shows how a boy, who is a product of this hypocritical society, comes to realize the true nature of his friend Jim and how deranged the societies beliefs are. In showing these ironic situations and the transformation that Huck goes through the reader sees racism in a real life setting. People who want to ban the book miss the idea entirely. Instead of getting rid of something that is supp osedly racist, they only perpetuate racism by denying others a good source of material on the subject.

Apple †Strategic Management Essay

Apple designs Macs, the best personal computers in the world, along with OS X, iLife, iWork and professional software. Apple leads the digital music revolution with its iPods and iTunes online store. Apple has reinvented the mobile phone with its revolutionary iPhone and App Store, and is defining the future of mobile media and computing devices with iPad. Vision Statement Apple ignited the personal computer revolution in the 1970s with the Apple II and reinvented the personal computer in the 19805 with the Macintosh. Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals, and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software, and Internet offerings. â€Å"Man is the creator of change in this world. As such he should be above systems and structures, and not subordinate to them.† Mission Statement Apple Computer is committed to protecting the environment, health and safety of our employees, customers and the global communities ‘where we operate. We recognize that by integrating sound environmental, health and safety management practices into all aspects of our business, we can offer technologically innovative products and services while conserving and enhancing resources for future generations. Apple strives for continuous improvement in our environmental, health and safety management systems and in the environmental quality of our products, processes and services. Objective The Company is committed to bringing the best user experience to its customers through its innovative hardware, software, peripherals, and services. The Company’s business strategy leverages its unique ability to design and develop its own operating systems, hardware, application software, and services to provide its customers new products and solutions with superior ease-of-use, seamless integration, and innovative design COMPETITION When it comes to Apple‘s competitors I believe ther e is no one. The innovation,development and the trendsetting technique that Apple has introduced in electronics worldcannot be matched with any of other companies. If you do not agree with me I would suggest you to search for Apple‘s competitors on Google or anywhere else but you will hardly find any original Apple‘s competitor. According to Tim Bajarin, Apple‘s competition is coming from the likes of Amazon, Google, Real Networks, and to some degree, Sony, because of their strong investment in content. But I do not agree with his viewpoint. Products like iPad,iPhone, iPod and services like iTunes and Apple stores have no competition at all and most importantly Apple is not a company that satisfies customer needs but it manufactures those products that become customers need

Obama Perfect Union Speech – Contemporary Racism

Contemporary Racism President Obama’s speech â€Å"A More Perfect Union† was a response to many outbursts made about things that Reverend Jeremiah Wright, Obama’s former pastor, had said on issues of racism. The reverend made statements that Obama called dismissive when what the world needed most was unity to overcome the continual racism in the country. Quotes from the Reverend such as â€Å"In the  21st  century, white America got a wake-up call after 9/11/01.White America and the western world came to realize that people of color had not gone away, faded into the  woodwork  or just ‘disappeared’ as the Great White West kept on its merry way of ignoring black concerns† and â€Å"Racism is how this country was founded and how this country is still run! †¦We [in the U. S. ] believe in white supremacy and black inferiority and believe it more than we believe in God† caused an uproar in Washington.Obama used this opportunity to address race and the problems in the country relating to it. This speech relates to many of the topics we learned about in class regarding race and racism. Obama talks about his family’s background and how various people don’t like him in office for ridiculous reasons such as that he’s â€Å"too black† or â€Å"not black enough† to be the first black president. They even go as far as to say that he’s in office due to affirmative action.He goes on to talk about his white grandmother and the racist statements she would make, such as that when a black man passes her by on the street she fears him. President Obama’s speech relates to white privilege in the sense that the country has only ever had white presidents and therefore a stereotype has been formed that only the typical white collar, white male deserves to be in office. White people say things like that because they feel like power is being taken away from them and given to blac k people by having a black president in office.Obama even quotes about white privilege and the power of whites being taken away by saying, â€Å"Most working- and middle-class white Americans don't feel that they have been particularly privileged by their race†¦Ã‚  when they hear an African-American is getting an advantage in landing a good job or a spot in a good college because of an injustice that they themselves never committed; when they're told that their fears about crime in urban neighborhoods are somehow prejudiced, resentment builds over time. In his speech he also talks about institutional racism which goes all the way back to Brown vs. Board of Education which was the Supreme Court case that ruled separation of black and white students unconstitutional. Obama also talked about this in his speech saying, â€Å"Segregated schools were and are inferior schools; we still haven't fixed them,  50 years after Brown v. Board of Education. And the inferior education they provided, then and now, helps explain the pervasive achievement gap between today's black and white students. He went on to say how this gives an inferior education to blacks and how this explains the gap in the income levels of white Americans vs. black Americans which in turn doesn’t give black men as many economic opportunities as white men. This not only relates to white privilege because they feel they are deserving of these jobs and educations but it also has a lot to do with institutional racism. By giving these economic opportunities to the better qualified person you are giving it to the one who has a better education.Through his speech, Obama illuminates the problem within our schools. Funding and quality of education go hand in hand, and since often times African Americans live in poor urban communities, schools struggle for funds to heighten the quality of their education. By talking about the dependence of schools on the income of the people living in the areas surrounding, Obama points out that privileged white kids are able to come out on top verses an African American child who grew up in an underfunded school.These white kids then get into more prestigious colleges, in turn landing more high paying jobs than the majority of their African American counterparts. Obama also goes on to talk about how people try to act like there is no racism anymore even though it is so blatantly out there. He quoted â€Å"Talk show hosts and conservative commentators built entire careers unmasking bogus claims of racism while dismissing legitimate discussions of racial injustice and inequality as mere political correctness or reverse racism. He talks about how things like this widen the gap of racism and how we need to work to close the gap instead. He calls it a racial stalemate saying, â€Å"Contrary to the claims of some of my critics, black and white, I have never been so naive as to believe that we can get beyond our racial divisions in a single el ection cycle, or with a single candidacy — particularly a candidacy as imperfect as my own. † Obama believes that only by exposing the true roots of racism can we move forward, slowly but with conviction. He encourages more debate and open discussion instead of hiding behind polite political facades. But I have asserted a firm conviction — a conviction rooted in my faith in God and my faith in the American people — that, working together, we can move beyond some of our old racial wounds, and that in fact we have no choice if we are to continue on the path of a more perfect union†. Overall, the goal of President Obama’s speech was to highlight the most taboo of topics in our society: racism. Since the era of reconstruction, white people have tried hard to ignore skin color, but Barack Obama is trying to make a point of not ignoring the color of his skin, but rather using it to his advantage by pointing out the problems we have created.White sup remacy is still very much a real idea, even in our modern 21st century society. Poor education makes finding a good job in tough economic times an almost impossible task for the African American community, simply because they never had the same opportunities as their white peers. Obama encourages Americans to forgive past grievances and instead create a â€Å" new normal† – one of racial equality and opportunity regardless of race.

Linguistics and Children Essay Example

Linguistics and Children Essay Example Linguistics and Children Essay Linguistics and Children Essay This assignment will foremost explicate the significance of the undermentioned footings. communicative competency and metalinguistic consciousness. Observations have shown that kids do copy older equals and grownups when speech production every bit good as marks of creativeness from an early age when developing linguistic communication. Then the 2nd subdivision will measure the functions of creativeness and imitation in respects to larning spoken English. This assignment will concentrate on the spoken English of immature kids. Part 1 Communicative competency – Is a term that refers to the manner in which a linguistic communication user communicates expeditiously and successfully depends upon their communicative competency. Linguist Noam Chomsky depicted a fluctuation within the term linguistic’ which he divided into to competence and public presentation. The term lingual public presentation is associated with falsely and/or repeated ill-formed delivered existent vocalizations of linguistic communication in usage. Linguistic competency refers to the cognition of the linguistic communication system which will enable the talker to separate the vocalizations that are grammatical in the linguistic communication from those that are non. ( Chomsky. 1965 cited in Book3. pg 48 ) However linguist Hymes believed talkers need to achieve typical accomplishments in public presentation such as what is the socially appropriate bend of phrase to carry through the coveted consequence every bit good as cognizing when to talk. With respects to kids every bit good as larning the building and sounds of peculiar linguistic communications they are really larning the discourse processs of their communities. The term besides incorporates word significance. grammar and pronunciations good as using linguistic communication competently. verbally. written and non- verbal cues such as organic structure linguistic communication. ( Book3. pg 201 ) Metalinguistic consciousness – Is a term used to specify an individual’s ability to reflect on the usage of linguistic communication in with respects to clear uping the transportation of lingual accomplishments and cognition across linguistic communications. When a linguistic communication user’s metalinguistic consciousness develops they start to make new and refined usage of metaphors such as the simile life is like a box of cocoas. you neer know what you’re traveling to get they besides begin to gain that statements can hold an implied significance every bit good as a factual significance. They may even get down to place irony along with perversity which connects with an individual’s capableness of stating and /or understanding gags. pull stringsing linguistic communication ( Kerper. 2009 ) Separate 2 Children can get linguistic communication as a consequence of imitation nevertheless it isn’t the initial method into linguistic communication acquisition due to kids showing originative pattern of linguistic communication. ( Book 3. pg 27 ) Infants produce a assortment of sounds during the initial twelvemonth of their life in add-on to experimenting with vocal drama. ( Book 3. pg 8 ) The rate of development differs between each kid. for illustration it is rare for a kid to jump the babble phase. which normally occurs at the mean age of 11months. and another factor that assists address development is physiological ripening. ( Book 3. pg9 ) Benedict. 1979 cited in Book 3. pg19 researched development of vocabulary of a little group of kids ( 8 ) during the class of six months. The findings demonstrated children’s ability to understand and make words between the ages of 10 months and on norm 1 twelvemonth 9 months. By the clip the kid is 11 months and 15 yearss they are normally attain a comprehension vocabulary of 20 words. The procedure of achieving words in production takes longer than it does in comprehension. comprehension can normally happen 4 months before production. With respects to imitation’ the function of the health professional ( a term used for those persons who spend the most clip interacting with and looking after the child. ) ( Book 3. pg 11 ) much research has been done in this country whereby the accent is on a brace in this instance it involves the kid and their chief health professional. this is besides known as a term called a couple. The findings from this research revealed that the individual the kid has most direct contact with impart the linguistic communication surroundings that the kid will pattern. Other lingual modeling that grownups provide is through caregiving agendas. for cases bathing and feeding. these modus operandis provide occasions for conventional interactions refering linguistic communication. Peek a boo’ A customary game that is normally played between baby and health professional and by and large in Western civilizations. ( Book 3. pg14 ) As a regulation the grownup efforts to hold on the infant’s involvement the hiding their eyes behind a manus or an object after which a type of discourse occurs. for illustration the grownup might state Are you ready? Then the infant’s voices or actions are indicated as a response. This sequence of inquiry –and – answer is continued until the apprehensiveness develops at this point the grownup takes their manus off or removes the object and says Boo! ’ ( Book 3. pg 15 ) Trevarthen and Aitken. 2001 cited in Book 3. pg 15 believed this sort of game could be termed protoconversations’ . because it is similar to a conversation. It requires turn – taking. each person’s bend relies on the old is input of the spouse. therefore it is contingent. the spouses understand the sequence unwrap the same purpose. Therefore this sort of interaction novices ceremonial characteristics of conversations before immature kids are able to talk but prompt transition to linguistic communication. A cosmopolitan observation made sing the type of duologue directed to kids by grownups is that the duologue differs to that addressed to other grownups. Consequently health professionals amend their duologue for case bringing slowed down. modulation is amplified and an elevated pitch may be used. Older kids besides adapt their duologue for younger kids comparable to adults. this is besides apparent that older kids are emulating grownups and implementing this technique to immature kids. ( Book 3. pg15 ) this duologue manner is referred to as kid directed address ( CDS ) . Clifton Pye. 1986 cited in Book 3. pg 16 observed a community in Central America called Quiche. they spoken one of the native Mayan linguistic communications. The consequences showed a difference in the manner in which Quiche health professionals and Western health professionals adapt their duologue for immature kids. Regardless of this cultural difference in health professional – kid interaction. the kids in the Quiche community were able to talk fluently in their native linguistic communication. Shirley Brice Heath’s research 1983 cited in Book 3. pg 16 of black propertyless English speech production community discovered that grownups in this community didn’t normally use baby talk’ when interacting with immature kids. The ways in which children’s grammar develop could besides be due to imitation every bit good. Descriptive grammar is a term mentioning to how kids organise and construction address. it doesn’t nexus to the right English’ people should utilize. Probes into children’s grammar showed that a changeless process is involved in the attainment of grammar. Crystal. 1995. cited in Book 3. pg 25 acknowledged seven phases runing from formative old ages to adolescent. In the early phases of grammatical development kids apply brief vocalizations of two to three words without any grammatical markers ; kids are normally aged between 18 months to 2 old ages. In the following phase of normally 3 old ages kids start to add markers to words such as tense ( I played ) . plural ( one cat. two cats ) . The 2nd phase within Crystal’s paradigm is a term called telegraphic address during this phase. kids do non utilize grammatical markers alternatively they use verbs. temporal adverbs. adjectives and nouns. The important information is evident because the inside informations and fixingss are removed ; this telegraphic quality is stated in children’s imitation of adult’s address. Besides during the 2nd phase it has been noted that children’s address will probably to be: a more H2O ; baby drink ; allgone sticky. However in this case it is improbable that kids will hold heard grownups make these types of vocalizations which means they can be depicted as alone vocalizations. and since the significance will be comprehendible. this vocalization can besides be viewed as a success. This all goes to exemplify that even at the first phases of linguistic communication development kids are showcasing their creativeness. Most grownups particularly parents have heard their child/ran emulate them utilizing big look and even modulation. With respects to creativeness and linguistic communication development. legion researches from the theories L. S. Vygotsky ( 1967 ) and Jean Piaget ( 1962 ) cited in Gillen. 2009 has found that there is a significant nexus between drama and linguistic communication acquisition. Play encourages children’s inventive idea procedure through playing with objects that will so finally lead to a better apprehension of their environment. As the child’s ability to make more meaningful representations develop so does the more complex their drama becomes. Bloom. 1993. p. 216 cited in Gillen. 2009. p 56. Observed that a spurt’ in first words was normally due to development in drama behaviors. From observations kids unconsciously obtain regulations about real-life behavior. and implement what they have observed into their drama with a mixture of their ain imaginativeness. When kids are involved in pretension games with other kids it is called sociodramatic drama. within this type of drama it is suggested that kids pattern different registries of talk that they observe to suit in with that function. To reason it seems as though the interactions typically viewed of health professionals and babies are non indispensable and general characteristic initial linguistic communication experience. There was a discrepancy in comprehension and creative activity of vocabulary. Evidence derived from research of linguistic communication acquisition is normally carried out from a limited aggregation of cultural and societal backgrounds so the findings of crude grammatical development in English are from linguistic communication users of the normal standard of the linguistic communication. The subdivision sing drama and linguistic communication development suggests that creativeness and imitation interlock. it appears that both coincide together it appears both weigh equally in footings of organizing spoken English. References Gillen. J. . ( 2009 ) Block C. Learning English. Unit 17 The relationship between drama and linguistic communication acquisition. The Open University Kerper. M. . J. Metalinguistic consciousness as defined through research’ San Diego State University 2009-08-10 Mayor. B. . Mercer. N. and Swann. J. ( explosive detection systems ) Learning English. London. Routledge/The Open University.

Salamander Surgery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Salamander Surgery - Essay Example Utilitarian philosophy upholds the principle of equal consideration of interests such that all things being equal utmost consideration should be given to that which would bring the most happiness and benefit and would cause less pain and suffering. This assumes that creatures of equal characteristics should be given equal consideration. Australian philosopher Professor Peter Singer in 1975 in a landmark article "All Animals are Equal" (475) argues that discriminating against animals as different from humans is nothing different from racism and sexism. There is a lack of consideration for others who may be different in some aspects but are similar in some. He calls this "speciesism", originally quoting Dr. Richard Ryder, referring to the attitude of bias towards the interest of members of one's own species and against those members other species. Citing Jeremy Bentham, founder of the reforming utilitarian school of moral philosophy, Singer contends that the capacity for suffering and enjoyment forms the basis for equal consideration of humans and animals. ... If racists violates the principle of equality by their prejudice against those of other races, and a sexist violates this same principle by favoring the interests of the members of the same sex, similarly speciesists, without considering that both animals and humans are capable of experiencing pain and suffering, allows the exploitation of other species for their own species' benefit. However, the utilitarian perspective may also be used to justify the use of animals in research to some extent. This opinion considers the benefit of animal research in the scientific field over the cost imposed on animals. Ironically as opposed to anti-speciesist stance of Singer, it is the significant differences between humans and animals such as higher cognition and language ability that forms the basis of this justification. Critics of this variation of utilitarian view maintain that it is unjust to justify animal research with that argument as it supposes that animals are willing participants in research oblivious of the real costs of their involvement (Kimmel, 251). The Rights Argument The main argument against the use of animals in research as articulated by Tom Regan in his article "The Case for Animal Rights" (1985) is that all beings "equally" share an "inherent value" as living creatures. Recognition of this inherent value as individuals can lead to recognition of animals of their right to be treated with respect and not inflicted with any pain or anguish. Regan as a self confessed animal rights advocate calls for the following goals (481): The total abolition of the use of animals in science; The total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture; The total elimination of commercial and sport hunting and trapping; Regan attacks the

Healthcare for Multiple Sclerosis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare for Multiple Sclerosis - Assignment Example The goals address quality, competitiveness, research, innovation and advancing the purpose of the organization. They reflect the values and vision of the organization. Their achievement is important in the battle against multiple sclerosis at the organizational and societal level. The first goal of Jackson Center for Multiple Sclerosis focuses on the indiscriminate delivery of quality healthcare. As a result, the organization shall develop a policy to serve everyone who seeks its services. This is an implementation strategy. The second alternative strategy involves the participation in established quality and customer delivery study. This is a competitive strategy that enables the organization to measure the quality of their healthcare and customer service (Kelkar, 2010). Lastly, the centre will need to develop an implementation strategy for evaluating the quality and fairness of its service. Customer feedback is the greatest measure of the quality of service provided by an organization (Thomas& Applegate, 2010). The second goal addresses the objective of the organization to be the best healthcare provider in multiple sclerosis. In order to achieve this goal, an adaptive strategy called vertical integration needs to be applied so as to reduce costs and enhance the competitiveness of the organization (Harrigan&Harrigan, 2003). Another adaptive strategy will be the automation of routine tasks to increase efficiency at the hospital. In addition, there will be a competitive strategy which involves attracting the best talent in the industry. The third goal states the aim to be a leading research centre for multiple sclerosis. Firstly, the centre will have to adopt a market entry strategy for developing its internal research capacity by raising the capital expenditure required and the ability of its staff to research. Secondly, it will collaborate with learning institutions, which is an adaptive strategy.  

Judaism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Judaism - Research Paper Example Judaism is the foremost among the three Abrahamic faiths including Christianity and Islam. Most of the Jews around the world reside in Israel or USA according to The Jewish People Polcy Planning Institute. Back in 2001 half of UK’s population claimed to be Jewish as well. What concerns the scholars of religion and theology the most is the original teachings of the religion founded by Moses. For the Jews, however, their history begins from Abraham (BBC 2012). Jews believe in one God and Torah as their Holy Scripture. Theirs is an oral law by tradition and the interpretation of the laws is called â€Å"halakhah†. Their spiritual mentors are known as Rabbis and their place of worship is the Synagogue. One of the most tragic events in the Jewish history took place at the time of the Holocaust in which nearly six million Jews were killed by Nazis on Hitler’s command. This gave rise to a lot of hatred and grudge against the Christians and many Jews fought to live for t heir rights dying on the way. Addressed as â€Å"Children of Israel† in the Holy Scriptures who traveled from Sumer (near Babylon) to Egypt with Prophet Abraham in around 1700 BC and from there to Canaan with Prophet Moses around 1200 BC, united under Saul then David then Solomon around 900 BC, fell captive to Assyrians in 722 BC and later to Chaldeans in 587 BC only to fall victim of the enchanting Hellenistic culture during Alexander’s reign along with the Greco-Roman civilization (Miller et al 136). The Scriptures refer to them as the superior race, fallen in the hands of Satan despite all the privileges it received from their God, Yahweh. The Kabbala, according to a Jewish historian, Faber d’Olivet, has its roots in the Ancient Egypt (d’Olivet 28). History tells that during 1200 BC and 1000 BC people living in the Western end of the Fertile Crescent and in Western Asia, called the northern portion Phoenicia and Lydia, while the southern section was kn own as Canaan and later Israel and then Palestine. Today, the region that is along and near the Mediterranean Sea forms the nations of Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and portion of Egypt and Turkey. The early writing system had started and evolved from Egypt and Mesopotamia. However the Phoenicians worked on developing the alphabets for future model of Western alphabets. They were the first great sea traders of the world. During the same time Greek City-States were flourishing. While the Phoenicians did not believe in after life and sometimes sacrificed their own children to win favor from the many Gods they worshiped, Egyptians worshiped the Sun as well as the Moon, attributing to their Gods the characteristics of animals and humans. They thought Pharaoh was the representative of these Gods. On the other hand the Greeks attributed to their Gods and Goddesses the attributes of humans because they considered them superior beings and practiced rituals to win favor from them. They als o believed that the priests and priestesses were mediums of communication of the Gods at oracles which were sanctuaries especially meant for them. This was done in the form of question and answer pertaining to the future. They were later conquered by Romans, who like Greeks were very particular about the ritual performance. Early Romans believed that spirits inhabited everything. Some of these were attached to the home which included the ancestral spirits called the â€Å"

Adult Learning Essay Example for Free

Adult Learning Essay Adult learning is a complex subject that in recent years has become more of a necessity than a personal pursuit. There are three factors present in the American society today that necessitate the need for adult learning. These factors are: Dramatic changes in demographics, the global economy, and technology. (5) Demographics are concerned with growth and development of adult learners and emerging groups of learners with special needs. There are more adults in our society than ever before and the population will continue to age and increase in the number of older adults. This fact along with the growing cultural and ethnic diversity existing in America today, although, provides many benefits for the society by mixing talents from many lands, but it also, requires a certain amount of familiarization and education to minimize the risks involved by diversification. The second factor influencing the need for adult learning is the global economy. The birth of global interdependent economy has led to changing work practices, which require different kinds of preparation and training. The emphasis has been shifted to improved product and service quality, having more educated workers with more responsibility and stronger team work. This has resulted in control of education shifting more to business. More and more companies opt to provide work place literacy programs, training and development packages, and encouraging their employees to learn how to learn, to keep up with a constantly changing global service based economy. Ethnic make up and increased number of women in the work force are also contributing factors for adult learning. (5) The third factor that should be considered is the explosion in the information technology sector. With the development and advancement of computers within the last decade or two, an environment has been created in which the settings for a formal training session, has been outdated. The society is experiencing an increase in mental ability which is growing drastically with the availability of horizontal networks and the advancement of telecommunications. Information is rapidly distributed and easily available and accessible. This causes for efficient use of information. This allows the learner to have better access with those who teach information access skills, it helps the development of higher levels of thinking skills while at the same time, it creates a comfortable environment for the educators. Although consideration must be given to the ethical implication of the information access creates. (1) The three factors above have become intertwined forces. Demographics, the global economy, and technology have come together in adult education in the blurring of the field’s content and delivery mechanisms, dividing up the setting for adult education into formal, non-formal and informal activities. Blurring is also occurring in higher education sector where older students are now making up for about 50 percent of the college attendees, and finally, a blurring of content and delivery is found in such popular slogans as â€Å"workplace literacy† and â€Å"critical thinking. † which focuses on development of skills needed to be productive and informed members of a highly technical society. There are three types of opportunities in which learning occurs for adult: Formal institutional setting, non-formal setting and informal setting. For most adult, learning in adulthood brings to mind a classroom setting. Yet when we ask these same adult about what they have learned informally over the last year, they typically respond with descriptions of learning activities outside these formal settings. However, the use of technology has increase the delivery of learning programs, expanding our picture of learning in an informal setting. Informal learning occurs most often in ones natural setting in which we learn things from our daily experiences. On the other hand, non-formal settings have been used most often to describe learning opportunities outside the formal educational setting that complement the needs of underserved adults such as churches. Knowing why some adults participate in adult education does not tell us why many don’t . The two often cited reasons for non participation are lack of time and money. There is no single theory or model that can explain or predict participation in adults education . The main reasons most commonly used are cite job-related motives, achieving some other personal goal, sake of the activity itself, social relationship (making a new friend), external expectation (complying with the wishes) and cognitive interest engaged for sake of learning itself. Nonparticipation has been from the perspective of the individual’s motivation, attitudes, beliefs, and so on .However they may be social factors that influence the decision . This can also be family-related. (2) Whatever the stated or actual purposes of a learning activity, adult education is usually a form of social intervention that often begins with a problem that needs to be solved . What is seen as problematic depends on one’s values, social position, and perspective. The purpose of adult education today for which there is public support, clusters around the ability of the United States to sustain a competitive edge in the global economy. Purpose of adult education is to improve the self and to improve society. In America all individuals have access and the opportunity to benefit through education. (4) In total the answer to the question of who benefits is clear: It is those who have benefited in the past, and those who have the â€Å"cultural capital†. Those most likely to be the recipients of the dominant cultures are those who, as a result of birth and upbringing, have already acquired the cultural capital to receive it and to take advantage of opportunities. Everyone can improve his/her life situation through learning, every adult can choose to participate in any adult learning activity . There are other reason that certain adults have more access to learning opportunities than other adult . Where one happens to live, what color, age, or sex one happens to be, what one does for a living, all contribute to the participation pattern in adult education (framework) by way of illustrating how these framework conditions can determine who is more likely to benefit from adult learning opportunities. Where and how one lives makes a difference. (3) Individual educators and individual learners are likely to be fairly explicit about why they are engaged in a particular learning activity. Such easily identified objectives are usually aligned with the content of the activity. Underlying many of the state purposes of adult education in America is the assumption that the idea of a society must be maintained, and that education is one way to do this. Individualism, Independence, and a protestant-capitalist work ethic frame the actual provision of adult education in America. (1) Several things are known about self-directed learning: (a) Individual learners can become empowered to take increasingly more responsibility for various decisions associated with the learning endeavor; (b) Self-direction is best viewed as a continuum or characteristic that  exists to some degree in every person and learning situation; (c) Self-direction does not necessarily mean all learning will take place in isolation from others; (d) Self-directed learners appear able to transfer learning, in terms of both knowledge and study skill, from one situation to another; (e) self-directed study can involve various activities and resources, such as self-guided reading, participation in study groups, internships, electronic dialogues, and reflective writing activities; (f) Effective roles for teachers in self-directed learning are possible, such as dialogue with learners, securing resources, evaluating outcomes, and promoting critical thinking. (g) Some educational institutions are finding ways to support self-directed study through open-learning programs, individualized study options, non-traditional course offerings, and other innovative programs. ( 1) self –directed learning as a process of learning , in which people take the primary initiative for planning, carrying out, and evaluating their own learning experiences, has received a great deal of attention in the literature. This form of learning can take place in both inside and outside institutionally based learning programs. (2) Staff development that improves the learning of all students applies knowledge about human learning and change. No matter the age at which it occurs, human learning is based on a common set of principles. While adults have more life experience to draw on than younger learners and are often clearer about what they want to learn and why it is important, the means by which the learning occurs is remarkably similar. Consequently, it is important that the learning methods used in professional development mirror as closely as possible the methods teachers are expected to use with their students. It is essential that staff development assist educators in moving beyond comprehension of the surface features of a new idea or innovation to a fuller and more complete understanding of its purposes, critical attributes, meaning, and connection to other approaches. To improve student achievement, adult learning under most circumstances must promote deep understanding of a topic and provide many opportunities for teachers and administrators to practice new skills with feedback on their performance until those skills become automatic and habitual. Such deeper understanding typically requires a number of opportunities to interact with the idea or procedure through active learning processes that promote reflection such as discussion and dialogue, writing, demonstrations, practice with feedback, and group problem solving. Because people have different learning styles and strengths, professional development must include opportunities to see, hear, and do various actions in relation to the content. It is also important those educators are able to learn alone and with others and, whenever possible, have choices among learning activities. Another important dimension of adult engagement in change processes is the feelings that such change often evokes in individuals. Even under the best of circumstances, pressure for change, no matter what its source, may produce feelings of anxiety, fear, and anger. Such feelings are most effectively addressed through skillful listening and problem solving within a respectful and trusting school culture. It is helpful for educational leaders to appreciate that, to some degree, such feelings are natural and an inevitable part of the change process. Such appreciation is aided when leaders have a deep understanding of the change literature, particularly the Concerns- Based Adoption Model, and are able to apply its insights when planning and implementing new practices in schools. A third dimension of change is the life stage of individuals engaged in the change process. While recognition of life stage differences would not alter expectations for performance, it may affect an individuals availability and interest in additional work responsibilities during different phases of his or her life. Recognition of life stage differences may also help staff development leaders in tapping educators strengths and talents, such as asking skillful veteran teachers to serve as mentors or coaches for their peers. Electronic forms of learning may prove particularly helpful in providing alternatives that respond to differences in learning styles and availability due to life stage issues. Staff development content may be accessed via the Internet or other forms of distance technology that will enable learning throughout the day in various settings using media that appeals to different learning preferences. (6) References: 1-What is self directed learning? Http://home. twcny. rr. com/hiemstra/sdlhdbk. html 2-Read write plus, DFES, Quality and Training Http://www. dfes. gov. uk/readwriteplus/quality 3-Finding from a national survey of States Directors of Adult Http://www. ncsall. net/fileadmin/resources/reasearch/rep9. pdf 4-Acve-Race and Gender in Adult Education Http://www. calpro-online. org/ERIC/docgen. asp? tbl=tiaID=92 5-How adults learn: Ageless learner Http://www. agelesslearner. com/intros/adultlearning. html 6-NSDC-Standards: About the Standards-Learning Http://www. nsdc. org/standards/learning. cfm.

Ethosomal Formulation as a Carrier for Transdermal Delivery

Ethosomal Formulation as a Carrier for Transdermal Delivery ABSTRACT: The aim of present work was to develop, characterisation, of stable ethosomal formulation as a carrier for transdermal delivery of paroxetine hydrochloride. To prepare this ethosome different concentration of soya lecithin and ethanol was taken. Vesicular size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment effiency were determined by photon correlation spectroscopy and ultracentrifugation techniques. The intro permeation study across human cadaver skin was done. Stability study was done on optimised F2 formulation. Vesicle size decrease as increase in the concentration of ethanol. Entrapment efficiency increase with increase in concentration of soya lecithin. The ethosome exhibit entrapment effiency of 40-64%. Invitro permeation study across human skin ethosome F2formulation showed higher transdermal flux 26.39% µg/cm2/hr. Release mechanism of Invitro permeation shows zero order drug release from formulation. In vivo pharmacodyanamic study F2 formulation showed significant immob ility as compare to controlled group. Stability study result revealed no significant change found in size distribution was found for 90days. Our result indicates that the developed ethosomal system may be potential and safe to delivery paroxetine hydrochloride through transdermal deliverys. INTRODUCTION: In recent years the attraction of lipid vesicle use in delivery system for skin treatment is increasing (1, 2). Paroxetine hydrochloride (PXH) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Commonly available in tablets and capsule dosage form, but oral administration have numbers of side effects as well as it undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. Variation in plasma concentration and long term therapy leads to severe side effects (3). To overcome these difficulties such as extensive hepatic first pass metabolism transdermal delivery is beneficial (4). The useful of transdermal delivery has been proved for some antidepressants (5,6). It is previously reported that significant increase delivery of drugs across the skin would be done by using an ethosomes as novel permeation enhancing carrier (7-10). Composition of ethosomes system mainly contains phospholipids, ethanol and water (12). Solubility and high encapsulation efficiency values for large range of lipophilic drugs can be obtain due to presence of ethanol. Ethanol may provide vesicles with soft flexible characteristics, which allow them to penetrate more simply into the deeper layers of the skin (13). The present aim focuses on the preparation and characterization of ethosomal formulation for PXH transdermal delivery. The aim of present study was to develop stable ethosomes carrier for transdermal delivery of PXH. The effect of ethanol and soya lecithin on the permeation of PXH through the human skin was evaluated. Material and method: Material: Soya lecithin was purchased from Research Lab Mumbai. Ethanol was purchased from Loba chemical Mumbai. Cholesterol was purchased from Research Lab Fine Chem Industries, Mumbai. PEG-400 was purchased from Dipa Laboratory Chemicals. All materials and solvents used in this study are of analytical grade. Preparation of ethosomes: Soya lecithin and PXH, were dissolved in ethanol. Double distilled water was added slowly with a fine stream in above ethanol dispersion with constant mixing at 700 rpm on magnetic stirrer, in a well-sealed glass container. Mixing was continued for an additional 5 min. The system was kept at 300C throughout the preparation and was then left to cool at room temperature. (7, 8) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION OF ETHOSOME: Vesicles size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential The vesicle size distribution, polydispersity index and zeta potential of vesicles was determined using photon correlation spectroscopy (Beckmann counter, Delsa Nano, USA). Formulation were diluted by 1/4th distilled water before measurement and measured three times at scattering angle of 900. The polydispersity index (PI) was used as a measurement of the width of the size distribution. PI less than 0.4 indicates a homogenous and monodisperse population. Zeta potential was measured as the particle electrophoretic mobility means of laser microelectrophoresis in a thermostated cell. Entrapment efficiency (EE) The entrapment capacity of PXH by ethosomal vesicles was determined by ultracentrifugation. Formulations were kept overnight at 4 micro-centrifuge (Tarsons) 12000 rpm for 30 min. The supernatant was removed and drug amount was determined in both the sediment and the supernatant. The entrapment capacity was calculated as follows, [(T2C) /T] 100, where T is the total amount of drug that is detected both in the supernatant and sediment, and C is the amount of drug detected only in the supernatant. In vitro permeation study Preparation of cadaver skin Skin samples provided from Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad. Obtain from breast reduction operation and subcutaneous fat was carefully trimmed and then rinse with normal saline, prepared skin was warped in aluminium foil and stored at -200c until use. (15) Procedure Invitro skin permeation studies were performed on a Franz diffusion cell with an effective diffusional area 0.785 cm2 and having receptor compartment volume of 15ml. The skin was brought to room temp and mounted with the donor compartment dry and open to the atmosphere. Initially, the donor compartment was empty and receiver compartment was filled with phosphate buffer ph 7.4. The receiver fluid was stirred with magnetic bead with the speed of 100rpm and the temperature was maintained at 371. The phosphate buffer pH 7.4 was replaced with the fresh one at every 30 min to stabilize the skin. It was found that the receiver solution should a negligible peak area after 3hr and beyond indicating complete stabilisation of skin. 5ml ethosomes formulation was placed into the donor compartment and sealed with paraffin film to provide occlusive condition. The sample where withdraw at regular interval for 10 hrs filtered through 0.45 . membrane filter and analysed for drug amount by UV-Visible s pectrophotometer at 294 nm. Permeation data analysis The cumulative amount of penetrant, Q (g/cm2), which permeated the skin per unit surface area was plotted against time. The linear portion of the plot was taken as being the steady-state flux, (Js). The permeability coefficient (Kp) was calculated as: Kp = Js/Cv Where Cv is the concentration of penetrant in the donor solution. Vesicle stability evaluation: Stability of optimised ethosomes formulation was kept at room temp for 4 weeks. The measurement where conducted on of ethosomes that. Vesicle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential was measured at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days mean value where used for the analysed of the data. 2.5. In vivo Pharmacodynamic study Approval to carry out pharmacodynamics studies was obtained (Institutional Animals Ethical Committee, approved the protocol). Forced Swim test (FST) and Locomotor Activity test (LAT) was used to evaluate antidepressant effect of the optimized F2 formulation. Rats of either sex weighing 250–300 g were kept under standard laboratory conditions (temperature 23-30oc).The rats were kept with free access to standard laboratory diet. Approximately 14 cm2 of abdominal side of rats skin was shaved on the in each group except group treated with marketed tablet formulation. Rats were divided randomly into three groups each containing six animals. Group -1 was considered as a control. Group-2 was treated with oral tablet of PXH containing 1.40 mg/day and administered without anaesthesia by using simple poly-ethylene tube. Group-3 was treated with optimized F2 formulation applied transdermally containing 2 mg/day (equivalent to 0.60 mg/day) drug. 2.5.1. Force swim test Rats were forced to swim in cylindrical glass tank (60 cm height X 30 cm in diameter) containing water after the administration of doses. Water was filled up to 40 cm height so they were swim without touching their hind limb or tail to bottom of the tank. On the 1st day of experiments, rats were forced to swim for 10 min. After 24 h, rats were re-exposed to forced swim for 5 min and animals were judged for immobility, climbing, and swimming. After a 5-min swim test, the rat was removed from the cylinder, dried and then returned to its home cage [29]. Porsolt, R.D., Bertin, A., Jalfre M. (1977). Behavioral despair in mice: a primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 229, 327–336. 2.5.2. Locomotor activity Hyperactivity, functional roles of specific neurobiological and drugs potential psycho activity were discriminate by the locomotor activity study [30]. Locomotor activity was measured in the open-field test. The apparatus consisted of a square arena (200Ãâ€"200 cm), with a 50 cm height. The floor was divided into 30 equal squares. Animals were individually positioned in the centre of the arena and the activity was measured over 5 min. The open field was cleaned with isopropyl alcohol solution before behavioural testing to avoid possible bias due to odours and/or residues left by rats tested earlier. Also after each 3 animals apparatus was cleaned [31]. Result and discussion Vesicle size, polydispersity index and zeta potential: The vesicle mean diameters for all formulation are shown in Table 2. The result of photon correlation spectroscopy shows narrow peak for all formulation, which indicating that size of vesicle population is comparatively uniform in size. In accordance with other researcher, this decrease in the mean diameter of vesicle is due to the presence of ethanol (touitou et al., 2000). Higher concentration of ethanol produced lower vesicle size. Probably the ethanol causes the modification of the net charge of the system and confer it some degree of stearic stabilization that may finally lead to decrease in mean particle size (lasic et al., 1998). In the formulation the concentration of ethanol increases from 30-35% the significant decrease in vesicle size. On the other hand, it was observed that the increase in soya lecithin concentration resulted in increase in mean particle size. Small vesicle size is formed with the F2 formulation having a 1% of soya lecithin and 35% ethanol. Twice fold inc rease in soya lecithin concentration (1%-2%) resulted in two fold increase in ethosomes size (from 500nm- ). The charge of vesicles is important parameter that can influence both stability and skin vesicle interaction. Zeta potential value of all formulations shown in Table 2. The concentration of ethanol increase from 30-35% v/v resulting in increase in zeta potential values. Polydispersity index was determined as measure of homogeneity in formulation. Polydispersity index ≠¤ 0.3 indicate homogeneous population of ethosome vesicle in formulation. Polydispersity of all formulation shown in Table 2. Compare to all formulation F2 formulation showed less polydispersity index is 0.23 indicates homogeneous population of ethosome vesicles. Entrapment efficiency Entrapment efficiency of all formulation shown in Table 2. Entrapment efficiency of formulation containing of 1% soya lecithin and 30% (F1) ethanol was found to be 60%, which significantly increased to 64% when the amount of ethanol increases to 35% (F2) keeping the concentration of soya lecithin constant. Ethosomes formulation prepared with 1.5% soya lecithin and 30% ethanol (F3) exhibited 40% entrapment efficiency, which was increased to 45% (F4) respectively; keep the amount of soya lecithin constant. Formulation prepared with 2% soya lecithin and 30% ethanol (F5) showed 42% entrapment efficiency, which was increased to 61% when the concentration of ethanol increased to 35%(F6) respectively. These data supported by previous finding that solubility and high encapsulation efficiency values for large range of lipophilic drugs can be obtain due to presence of ethanol (13).From these results entrapment efficiency of formulation was observed due to increase in ethanol concentration. Invitro permeation study In vitro skin permeation experiment was performed using human cadaver skin showed that permeation was highest in F2 formulation as shown in Fig 1. Flux value of F2 formulation was significantly different when compared with other formulation (P≠¤0.05) as shown in Table 3. Highest flux value (-) of F2 as compared to other formulation. These may be due to small vesicle size and high entrapment efficiency alone with high concentration of ethanol. These data supported by previous finding that ethanol interact with a lipid molecules of stratum corneum, resulting in reduction in the Tm of stratum corneum, increase in there fluidity. The intercalation of ethanol due to polar head group environment can result in increase in membrane permeability (16). It can also suggest that mixing of phospholipids with the stratum corneum lipid of the intercellular layers enhances the permeability of the skin (17). F2 formulation was selected as a optimized formulation from the vesicle size distributio n, polydispersity index, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro permeation study results and considered for further study. In vivo Pharmacodynamic study Pharmacodynamic activity of ethosomes F2 formulation was compared with orally administered dose. Pharmacodynamic activity involved two tests. One was force swim test and other was locomotor activity. Force swim test is most widely used model for assessing the antidepressant activity. Total immobility period would decrease if high concentration of paroxetine hydrochloride reached target site. Force swim test Results of FST confirmed that there was significant reduction in total immobility period in seconds by treating the rats by transdermal ethosomal F2 formulation. There was significant (p Table 3. Results of forced swim test. Conclusion: Ethosomal vesicles with appropriate size and maximum drug entrapment efficiency can be prepared. F2 formulation showed highest transdermal flux across human skin was composed of 1% soya lecithin, 35% ethanol and 2% cholesterol. In vivo pharmacodyanamic study of optimised formulation showed significant values compared to controlled group. Therefore, it can be concluded from the result of the study that ethosome formulation is potentially useful carrier for transdermal delivery of paroxetine hydrochloride REFERANCES O. Braun-Falco, H.C. Kortung, H.I. Maibach (Eds.), Grieswith bach Conference: Liposome Dermatics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1992. E. Touitou, H.E. Junginger, N.D. Weiner, M. Mezei, Lipo somes as carriers for topical and transdermal delivery, J.Pharm. Sci. 9 (1992) 1189–1203. Hollister L E. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton Lange; 1995. A Lange Medical Book: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. 448–59. Kilts CD. 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Ghyczy, J. Gareis, Interaction of phospholipid liposomes with lipid model mixtures forstratum corneum lipids, Int. J. Pharm. 99 (1993) 219–220. Formulation of ethosome: Table- 1 Evaluation of ethosome: